This is the last in a series of blog posts by the architect Mark Stephens on going off grid. The full series can be found here.


A flooded percolation area is a serious health hazard

Welcome to this final blog post on living off gird, which focuses on the safe disposal of any wastewater from a house not connected to a public sewer.

This topic is probably the one that Ireland has the most experience with (both good and bad), due to the lack of sewerage infrastructure once you leave the main towns and cities. There are currently around 500,000 on-site wastewater treatment systems in Ireland, and many are believed to be contributing to groundwater pollution due to poor design, maintenance and lack of regulation over the years. The EU recently ruled against Ireland for this, and the mandatory inspection of such systems is expected to start within the next year. 

This is also the one topic that will cause the most problems if you are looking for planning permission on a new house or more particularly the renovation of a ruin or abandoned house.

So let’s have a little look at the history of effluent disposal in modern times.

Septic tanks

The traditional septic tank would have been a concrete single chamber system — the outlet would have simply been piped out into a ditch that drained into the next field.

One problem arising with these systems is that frequently the farmer working the field would fill in the ditch, causing the effluent to start backing up. Then you could find yourself standing in a field slowly submerging in crap (this has happened to me on numerous occasions). A system like this also provides little treatment of effluent.

An article by Lenny Antonelli in issue twelve, volume four of Construct Ireland discusses precisely this problem and the bacterial hazards that are created.

The next stage on from a single-chamber septic tank was the dual chamber (again constructed in concrete). This system allows the solids to settle, with the second chamber taking the overflow which then exits the tank in a similar way. The same problem described above will also occur if the overflow effluent isn’t treated correctly. It’s therefore essential that a proper percolation or polishing filter system is designed and constructed within the curtilage of your own site.

Proprietary effluent treatment systems

A proprietary effluent treatment system utilises some form of aeration or mechanical purification/digestion before the wastewater exits the system. If properly designed for your site conditions, these systems can treat the effluent to a high standard, but consideration must still be given to what happens to wastewater when it enters the field. Most of these systems will require an electricity supply, which will add to your energy usage (and some may say goes against the off-grid ethos). One advantage of such systems is that it is possible to test and verify the quality of the effluent as most of the treatment is done in the unit itself, whereas with septic tanks more of the treatment takes places in the soil itself, making testing of final effluent difficult for these systems.

Composting toilets, reed bed systems etc

The principle of the composting toilet is straightforward — the solid waste goes into a separate section to the liquids, and the solids then dry and become first-class manure for the land. To create this compost requires a bit of time away from human contact which thereby breaks the cycle of the pathogens. Another option is rapid hot composting where usually sawdust or straw is added in order to kill all the known pathogens to humans in hours. But it will typically take about six months for compost to be available in dry conditions, longer if it is outdoors in a damp location.

Another popular way of percolating any waste in the ground is via a reed bed system, which is a natural solution that works ideally on a site with a fall where any effluent trickling through the reed bed is cleaned by micro-organisms living on the root system. Micro-organisms here break down the sewage in the presence of oxygen (ie aerobically). Your site will need to be physically suitable for a reed bed, and you may have difficulty convincing the planners that your system will work.

Planning

Any new effluent treatment system, either for a new house or a renovation will require planning permission. It is often thought that because a house was previously on the site (say for example, a wreck with no septic tank) you will have a better chance of obtaining planning permission. But I have seen many a dream quashed when planning is refused because the ground on site wasn’t suitable. The rules may be relaxed a little if the house already has a septic tank - a proposed upgrade may be acceptable if it improves treatment even if it doesn’t exactly meet the Environmental Protection Agency's Code of Practice. But you will find it harder to convince planners about any new system that falls outside the remit of the EPA Code of Practice.

If you're looking to install a new effluent treatment system for your new build or renovation project, start by contacting an experienced engineer or similar professional who can advise on the most appropriate system design for your site.

So that’s it, my take and discussion for living off-grid. With the country currently in economic turmoil, maybe living a simpler life not connected to electricity, water, sewerage etc doesn’t seem too mad cap after all.

Special thanks again to Nick Rosen's book How to Live Off-Grid.

Mark Stephens ARB RIBA MRIAI is a UK and Ireland registered and chartered architect specialising in sustainable, unique designs.

We're getting down to the real work on the January issue of the mag now. Expect to see case study articles on the renovated architectural landmark that is the former Carroll's cigarette factory in Dundalk, and on a couple of excellent passive houses. We'll also have features on the state of the economy, and on whether it makes more sense to use electrical-based heating devices as our power supply is gradually decarbonised. For now, here's some stories that might be of interest.  

Ireland helping to break logjam in climate talks Irish Times

In the Guardian, George Monbiot says the UK is shifting on its commitment to zero carbon homes. Not surprisingly, the Tory housing minister disagrees.

The cost of not going green for architects Architect magazine

Our cities need intelligent transport systems  Sustainable Cities Collective

Anyone want to buy an apartment in Donegal for 11 grand? Ireland After Nama

The Construction Industry Federation doesn't seem to like Nama terribly much Irish Times

New car engine generates electricity from exhaust heat Inhabitat

The solar industry is helping to revive declining industrial cities in the US midwest New York Times

The case for "clean construction" Reuters

Is there too much focus on building regulations and not enough on proper training for builders? Green Building Advisor

Protester outside Dáil Éireann. Photo: William Murphy

By Richard Douthwaite

Ireland's negotiations with the ECB and the IMF are perhaps the most important talks that this country has engaged in since Michael Collins and Arthur Griffith negotiated the Anglo-Irish Treaty with the British Prime Minister, Lloyd George, in late 1921. This time, the Irish team is led by the governor of the Central Bank, Patrick Honohan, the financial regulator, Matthew Elderfield, and the head of the National Treasury Management Agency, John Corrigan. Unless these three men insist that the following four truths are accepted by those on the other side of the table, the country will be presented with an agreement that will blight its future for at least a generation.

Truth 1. If Ireland has to pay interest on the loans being negotiated at a rate which exceeds the rate at which the economy grows over the next few years, it will make the country's situation worse, not better.


Let's look at the figures. The Greek rescue plan involved loans at 5%. If the same rate is offered to Ireland and the Irish economy shrinks by an average of only 2% a year for the next four years as a result of the tax increases and spending cuts to be introduced under the government's deficit-reduction programme, the real interest rate would be 7%. This is simply not affordable. This is not just because of the interest the country will have to pay on the new debt facility but also because it will have to pay the same rate on the €72 bn of foreign debts the state owes already and on the overseas borrowings of the banks which the state has guaranteed. 


The banks' loans are put at €34bn from German banks, €31bn from British banks, €19 bn from US banks, and $16bn from French banks, a total of €100bn. If all the €85bn of additional foreign debt under the ECB/IMF facility is drawn down, the country's overseas debt would be €257bn by the end of the four-year austerity programme. As a result , Ireland's public debt to national income ratio would be over 200%, an entirely unsustainable level for a country without its own currency. The interest burden would be €18bn a year. This amounts to half the total tax revenue that can be expected in 2015 and perhaps the whole of that year's trade surplus. More frighteningly, it would be €10,000 a year for each person in employment. 


It could be claimed that the banks will pay some of this interest themselves but it is far more likely that they will still be making losses because of the bad debts caused by the continuing contraction of the economy. The state may even have to inject more capital into them. If the banks can pay the interest on their borrowings in Ireland they will be doing well. 


Ireland is therefore totally unable to pay any interest on any new loans unless the rate of interest is no greater than its growth rate. If its growth is negative, the interest rate needs to be negative too. What is therefore needed is not a loan but a bailout – either a grant or a loan with an interest rate based on the economy's future economic performance. 


Truth 2. Any grant or loan to Ireland will only buy time for the eurozone to come up with a cure for the whole sick system. Ireland should not be asked to bear more than its proportionate share of the cost of gaining this time which is for the benefit of every euro user. 


Without exception, every eurozone country is running a budget deficit bigger than the Stability and Growth Pact allows and only five small countries have debt-GDP ratios below the 60% ceiling. As a result, all are planning budget cuts which, because they are being implemented simultaneously, could make matters worse by reducing national incomes at a time when national debts are still going up. In other words, the whole eurozone system is sick and Ireland and Greece are just bad cases of a disease which everyone shares. A collective cure needs to be found and it makes no sense for Ireland to make sacrifices unless such a cure is being planned. Part of any agreement between Ireland and the ECB/IMF team should therefore be an assurance that the eurozone is going to be transformed. Preventing governments running large budget deficits should not be part of that transformation since such deficits are a symptom that something is wrong rather than the prime cause. States need to be able to act counter-cyclically to protect their economies and, in any case, Ireland's problems are largely due to its banks. 


The cost Ireland will bear for helping to stabilise the euro until an overall solution can be introduced is not just a matter of money. In fact, money would be the least part of the cost and it can always be repaid later. The greater part would be social — the poverty, the unemployment and the forced emigration — and the lives blighted as a result can never be fully restored. The transition to the new basis for the eurozone should therefore be quick and Ireland and other troubled countries should be supported by their less-sick partners while it is coming about. 


Another element of the cost could be that Ireland will be asked to sell its national investments in companies like the ESB and CIE. This would raise very little money — recent estimates by Siobhan Creaton put their total market value at about €12bn — but would end the possibility of having these companies play a national developmental role. Under private ownership, immediate short-term profits would be the primary goal. The privatisation of Eircom is an awful warning. The company was loaded with debt by a succession of private owners and, as a result, did not have the resources to roll out broadband as quickly as happened in other countries. No-one will ever know how much income the country lost because of this failure. 


Truth 3. The ECB bears a large share of the responsibility for the regulatory failure which led to the property bubble.


Since the eurozone was set up, the Irish Central Bank has been the local office of the ECB. The Central Bank knew the extent to which the commercial banks were going in for excessive property-based lending and gave details each month in its publications. These showed that Irish debts were increasing at an excessive rate in relation to the rate of income growth. For example, over at least three years between 2004 and the end of 2006, private sector debts to Irish banks grew at an average rate of just under 30% a year. This meant that the amount households and firms owed more than doubled in that short period. Tbe Central Bank also knew that most of this excessive lending – over 60% of it in some years - was to do with property. Some loans were for mortgages, others to finance construction companies and developers, and some to people who wished to borrow against their real estate assets. It sent all this information back to head office but it is not clear whether the ECB tried to persuade the Financial Regulator and the government of the dangers the country was running. If it did, it was ineffective. The ECB must pay a share of the cost for this failure. 


Truth 4. There is a Plan B. Ireland doesn't have to take anything that is offered. It can leave the euro quickly and easily. 


If the deal offered by the ECB/IMF negotiators is unsatisfactory, the Irish government can simply announce that, when the banks open the following morning, the accounts in them will be in a new currency – let's call it the harp - and all wages, rents, debts and other payments are to be paid in harp with immediate effect. (Cash payments would have to be made in euro notes and coins until harp ones could be introduced). After the announcement the government would issue itself with the new currency on a debt-free basis so that it no longer needed to borrow to cover its budget deficit. External debts in euros would be negotiated down to an affordable level. The devaluation brought about by the switch would make the country very competitive and any inflation the new money caused would provide the higher incomes needed to pay harp debts and support harp asset values, and thus strengthen the banking system.

The Irish negotiating team must make it very clear to the Commission and the ECB that Ireland would prefer to take this road and undergo an acute but brief crisis rather than accept a deal that entails an indefinite period of national penury with no guarantee that, eventually, its debts can be cleared. It is imperative that the ECB/IMF team understand that unless Ireland is offered a real road out of its present situation within the eurozone, the country will retrieve its national sovereignty and opt out. 


Conclusion

Ireland's bank guarantee was a bluff which the government prayed would never be called because it knew that the country would be unable to honour it if it was. Well, now it has. The day it dreaded has come and the government needs to admit that Ireland cannot honour its guarantees without grants towards their cost from its EU partners. Loans will not suffice. Unless it gets this help, Ireland has no alternative but to renege on the guarantees and to build itself a future within the EU but outside the eurozone. 


Richard Douthwaite is an economist and writer with a special interest in climate and energy issues and local economic development. His new book is Fleeing Vesuvius.

Here's a few stories that might distract you somewhat from the economic doom that surrounds us. Actually though, if you want to be totally distracted, maybe ignore the first two.

On big currencies and big banks New Economics Foundation

Work begins on Europe's largest straw bale building The Guardian

Energy efficiency adds just $800 to the cost of a home, according to US research American Solar Energy Society

Are these the top ten green building products of 2010? Jetson Green

272kW hybrid solar installation launched in California Jetson Green

Green building priority number one — reduce energy use Green Building Advisor

China's coal consumption continues to grow New York Times

Five reasons electric cars will catch on The Infrastructurist

This is the fourth in a series of blog posts by the architect Mark Stephens on going off grid. The full series can be found here.

As we’re approaching the end of my guest blog posts, it’s lucky that the last two topics are probably the easiest for Ireland to handle — this post on how to get water and food, and the final blog post on the safe disposal of effluent. The reason these two are the easiest for Ireland to manage is due to effectively the complete lack of water delivery infrastructure once you get outside the major cities and towns.

Water

Let’s therefore deal with how we get water to our site, using a rural house as an example. The previous articles have dealt with shelter and providing heat and power. As long as you have the means to make a fire and put a cover over your head you can live pretty much anywhere, but it’s essential that you have a source of water in order to survive. The requirement for water divides neatly into two areas: the water to drink and the water to cook and wash with. So let’s look at ways you can obtain water from your site without being connected to a mains water supply. We’ll firstly discuss how you obtain your own source of water.

Wells & Boreholes

A new-traditional type of well is quite expensive to construct; instead a borehole is drilled to obtain water at a much smaller diameter. Normally about 150-300mm in diameter and drilled down to at least 50m, the resulting hole is lined with a steel or plastic tube and has a pump at the surface to pressurise the water into your house.

With so many variables (land, contours, geology etc) it’s difficult to give exact costs without one of the specialist firms that conduct the drilling visiting the site. A very approximate cost is somewhere in the region of €3000 to 6000.

Springs

A spring is water that percolates through porous earth until it reaches an impervious layer on which it collects. If the water bed is U-shaped then water is forced up resulting in a gush or trickle.

Streams and rivers

It is possible to obtain water directly from a stream or river, but there’s no guarantee of its cleanliness (which I will discuss in a moment). However, I have completed a few planning applications for new houses where the water is obtained from a stream.

In order for your water to be drinkable (or 'potable') then it will need to meet European safety standards; it is therefore essential for all of the methods described above to have a sample of your water tested and if required, to fit a purification system to purify the water further. Some councils in fact insist upon this sample water test as part of a planning application.

Let’s not discount one of the biggest sources of water available — rain. If they were careful, two adults and two children could theoretically manage for water solely on collected rainwater. What all of us can do however is implement a rainwater harvesting system, even if it’s only a basic collection system such as a water storage butt which can then be used for greywater in the house (flushing toilets etc) A more sophisticated system (ie a full rainwater harvesting system) could involve large underground storage tanks, physical and ultraviolet filters and delivery pumps / pipes. With water charges rising and metered costs likely to be introduced, some form of rainwater management is essential.

Food

So we have got water into our off-grid house, the next aspect in survival is providing enough food to survive. According to the excellent website A Self Sufficient Life http://www.aselfsufficientlife.com, approximately sixty square meters is enough land to feed a family of four for the year. As someone who’s dabbled in growing his own vegetables, it’s important to point out that a) It’s bloody hard work and b) it takes a lot of time. There is however nothing that replaces the taste of your own veg.

As well as growing vegetables, fruit, herbs etc. it is also possible for you to keep animals for milk and meat. It’s not impossible to keep a single cow or a few pigs, sheep or goats on a small piece of land, but as seen in the incredible upsurge in poultry sales, there are many people now keeping hens for eggs (myself included). A small group of hens (say six to ten) will constantly keep a family in eggs with a few to spare. Don’t forget that ducks and geese can also be kept for eggs and slaughter; interestingly the profitable life of a goose is six times as long as that of a chicken. Also, don’t forget that you could even keep a few hives of bees for honey.

When you have sown your seeds, tended your crops and reaped your vegetables, the key steps are that you should firstly eat seasonal food and then preserve and store food for eating later. There are stacks of books available on salting, drying, smoking, bottling and potting your meat, vegetables and fruit. And if the thought of becoming self-sufficient is turning you off then don’t forget that you could even brew your own wine, beer or cider from apples grown on your land.

The next and concluding article will deal with how to dispose of the effluent that you and your family produces, another area that Ireland has had to become self-sufficient in due to the lack of sewage infrastructure when you venture outside cities and towns. I’ll also be discussing the problems associated with every household pumping out their own effluent into the Irish countryside in poorly designed and constructed septic tanks.

I've just returned from Plan Expo, where we spent two days flogging the new and past issues of Construct Ireland. There was a steady enough crowd over the two days, and I spent most of yesterday morning at the Rebuilding Ireland conference on the second floor of the Convention Centre (here's a pic of the view from up there). I tweeted some of the speeches — you can find all our Twitter coverage here. Tomorrow morning, I'll be covering US energy secretary Dr Steven Chu's appearance in Dublin. Anyway, here's some interesting stories you may or may not have seen:

Ireland's greenhouse gas emissions drop Irish Times

In the UK, landlords to face fines for energy inefficient properties Guardian

Electric Toyota Prius's coming to Ireland Dept of Energy

Metro North: good idea or not? Irish Economy

The 'VillageTown': a viable concept in urban planning? Sustainable Cities Collective

Why is the UK so bad at construction training? And do any of these lessons apply to Ireland? Guardian

What is the carbon footprint of building a house? Guardian

Should supermarkets and DIY chains insulate homes? Guardian

An interview with passive house pioneer Dr Wolfgang Feist Green Building Advisor

Will this be the first certified passive house building in New York? Green Building Advisor

More of Green Building Advisor's priorities for sustainable building projects: ensure durability, build smaller, reduce the need for driving

Wood-wrapped green office complex opens in Chile Inhabitat

Is this going to be the tallest timber building in the world? Treehugger

Ireland needs a plan, not a budget Ireland After Nama

This is the third in a series of blog posts by the architect Mark Stephens on going off grid. The first post was a general introduction to the series, while the second focused on the building envelope.


Photovoltaic (PV) panels can convert sunlight directly into electricity and are a well established way of generating off-grid power. Photo by Charlie Vinz.

The next requirement after we’ve found a suitable place to live off-grid is to provide power; we’ve already introduced the concept of going passive as a way forward in order to have minimal heat demand, but we will still need to provide power to lighting and other electrical appliances.

We can divide our power demand into two areas: 1) power for lighting/electrical items and 2) power for hot water and heating

Power for lighting/electrical items

We therefore need to generate our electricity through a self-contained, renewable method — this leaves us with three options:

Wind

The concept of micro-wind generators is well established to generate electricity; the problem is that to power a serious amount of power requires a pretty big wind turbine. But the thrust of this blog post is being more aware of our electricity consumption — we will be relying less on electrical/electronic gadgets and getting back to a more simpler life where when it gets cold we add another sweater rather than increasing the heating an extra degree. Another problem is that wind turbines are notoriously temperamental over where they are located — they won’t work as effectively in built-up urban areas and even in rural locations they require minimal obstructions that cause fluctuations and disturbances in wind speed.

Water

Again the concept of a water or hydro turbine is well established; obviously they key thing here is that you need to be next to either a fast flowing stream/river or have access to a large drop on a large body of water (head) in order to turn the hydro turbine. You will obviously need to ensure that you have a legal right to use the water.

Solar

Photovoltaic (PV) panels can convert sunlight directly into electricity and are again a well established (if costly) way of generating off-grid power. Continuing the theme of reducing our electricity consumption you can obtain a small solar panel kit that provides 150 Watts of power; the key then is to run low voltage LED lights to provide your lighting. In order to power larger items such as a standard TV that work off 240V you will need an inverter.

With all of these technologies you will come unstuck if a. there’s no wind b. the water runs dry in summer and c. there’s no sun! To get round this problem you will need a bank of batteries to store the electricity you’ve generated. The batteries will need to be quite large and ‘off-gridders’ recommend the use of submarine batteries that can store and release enough electricity for a small home. Some ‘off-gridders’ use the PV panels to charge the standard AA rechargeable batteries that are then used in LED head lamps so that you can move around after sunset without bumping into things.

Power for hot water and heating

The next form of power we will require is to provide heat for cooking, heating and hot water. As discussed, by following passive house principles we will drastically reduce our space heating requirement — a certified passive house will require less than 15 kWh/m2/yr — but we will still require hot water for showers, washing etc. A solar collector (evacuated tube or flat plate collectors for example) can provide a large percentage of your hot water requirements (60-75%), the problem occurs obviously when there is less sun during the winter months and hot water is still required. The unfortunate reality is that something will still have to be burnt in order to fulfil this shortfall. A well installed and efficient wood pellet burning stove can provide hot water and heating but the more obvious example would be a simple wood burning stove with a back boiler that can provide heating to radiators, hot water and a method of cooking food. The only draw-back is that the fire needs to be lit whenever hot water is required. Again, we need a drastic rethinking over how we live our lives and to readjust to not having a source of constant hot water. It is important to note that although wood doesn’t provide as much energy as oil or gas for example when burned (therefore you will need more of it), the CO2 emissions are over 10 x better (0.025Kg CO2 per kWh for wood compared to 0.272 CO2 per kWh for oil). The obvious place therefore to be placed to be self sufficient in wood is next to a sustainable, managed forest as Ben Law did in the Woodsman’s Cottage episode of Grand Designs.

The next guest blog post takes us onto how we become more self sufficient in terms of water and food.

As always, comments welcome.

Mark Stephens RIBA MRIAI is a UK and Ireland trained chartered architect, based in Foxford, County Mayo, Ireland. He specialises in one-off, residential houses, extensions, restorations and refurbishments. His slant is a modernist approach using traditional forms and materials; his work also combines a contemporary architecture with an ecological and sustainable soundness.

This is the second in a series of blog posts by the architect Mark Stephens on taking a traditional Irish cottage off grid. The first post is here.

OK, so here's the first main blog post - where are we going to do it? I'm going to concentrate on an actual built structure rather than the other forms of off-grid living such as yurts, camper vans etc which are discussed in Nick Rosen's excellent book How to Live Off-Grid .

The first form of structure I'll be looking at is the derelict, traditional small cottage which would have been prevalent across the whole of Ireland, though most are now are disintegrating through decay because of exposure to the elements.

There are two stages in making such a structure habitable before we even consider how we then get that dwelling off-grid:

1. Increasing the size. Although we don't want to return to the McMansion sizes of the Celtic Tiger days, we will still need to increase the floor area to make it a more practicable solution for the family of today. Normally the biggest 'traditional cottage' size would have been a single room either side of a communal eating, living/sleeping space. So unless you are a very small family you will need to increase the house by at least another bedroom, and frequently these derelict cottages were without bathrooms, so a new bathroom will also need to be included.

Some older cottages would have been even smaller — I am currently restoring two cottages that were just single rooms where entire families were raised!

I'm not going to discuss here the problems associated with planning for converting properties of this type into habitable dwellings; for more details on this visit my website .

2. Upgrading the buildings fabric to a current standard.

The standard I would suggest trying to achieve is the passive house standard, devised by the Passive House Institute in Germany. Again going into depth on this standard is beyond the scope of this blog post but we can have a look at typical insulation standards that will need to be achieved in order to get close.

The roof should be the most straightforward area as typically the roof will have to be reconstructed anew with new rafters, slates etc. This is generally because the increased weight of slating the roof (frequently the roof would have been metal sheeting that would have replaced thatch) requires the rafters to be increased in size; larger sections of timber would have been impossible to obtain when the house was originally constructed.

This means that we can create a roof with the desired level of insulation. The u-value for a certified passive house  is less than 0.15 W/(m2K), which could be achieved with a warm-roof construction with sufficient insulation between the rafters, and then further insulation under them to prevent cold bridging. The amount of insulation needed will vary depending on the type used.

The walls of the cottage will be more problematic. A typical U-value for a 2' stone wall is over 2 W/m2K; to achieve 0.15W/m2K will require a rendered external insulation of around 200mm of EPS (expanded polystyrene). The good news is that cottages of this type would have been normally been rendered with a lime render and white lime wash which is not a million miles from a modern white, mono-couche external render.

As well as calculating the U-values you should also take care to avoid the risk of condensation; the correct way to do this is with a dew point graph which graphically shows the area in any construction build-up where condensation can occur. A condensation analysis  can be carried out using simulation software such as WUFI, which is based on EN 15026, a European standard for simulating condensation risk.  

Any new structure that extends the existing cottage will be easier to insulate to a high standard as we are constructing anew as per the roof.

The next logical step in thinking is to jump from the derelict cottages that are dotted throughout the country to the derelict houses in the ghost estates throughout every county. Theoretically they should be easier to upgrade to a better standard than the older cottages but their poor location and lack of infrastructure will remain an issue.

So, we have somewhere to live in to conduct our off-grid experiment — the next step is obtaining heat and power to the house. Trying to obtain passive house standards will drastically reduce the heat requirement for the house but it will not eliminate it entirely. The next blog post therefore will address this key aspect of off-grid living.

A quick round up of interesting stories you or may not have seen:

According to SEAI, the organisation is approving 1,000 Home Energy Saving scheme grants a week, at an average of €2,900. Press release and full report (down the bottom) are here.

Permission sought for Ireland's first geothermal energy electricity generation facility. But Richard Tol is skeptical.

Work on Dublin's Metro North to begin in April

Profile of a nine story timber-frame apartment building, including a time-lapse video showing its construction. Construct Ireland previously profiled Ireland's largest timber-frame building, the Navan Credit Union.

Beetlecrete: making use of timber that's been infested by the pine beetle.

Article and audio report on an office built out of shipping containers, which seem to be growing in popularity in the US. How long before an Irish building uses one?

Is green building causing a "real estate revolution" in the US?

Britain is banning inefficient boilers

The New York Times has an in depth feature on passive houses

The Infrastructurist asks why we (or more specifically the US, in this case) are still so afraid of nuclear power?

Some cool aerial photos of urban sprawl in the US (they're after the first few aerial photos of prisons)

The world's biggest offshore windfarm has been activated in the North Sea

More than a thousand applications for Home Energy Savings (HES) scheme grants are being approved every week and 98.5% percent of recipients say they would recommend the scheme to others, according to the Sustainable Energy Authority of Ireland (SEAI). The survey also revealed that over 68,000 grants have been awarded since the scheme began in April 2009.

In May we profiled the Nottingham House, an entry into Solar Decathlon Europe designed by a team from the University of Nottingham that featured an insulation system from Isover Ireland. The Solar Decathlon challenges university teams to design and build homes that maximise the sun's energy. This was the first year of the European competition - the US version is well established. 

Anyway, here's a video from the University of Nottingham documenting the build process.

[video:tp://www.youtube.com/watch?v=KP6vQnATckk] 

Hi everyone, the new issue of CI has gone to print and should be out by early next week. Having just caught up on what's been happening in the green building and energy world for the first time in a few weeks, here's some stories that caught my eye. 

How to get the most from your heat pump: Treehugger

Fascinating profile of Honk Kong's rooftop villages: Sustainable Cities Collective

Top ten green building prioties: No 10, make it easy: Green Building Advisor

Green buildings may boost occupants' health and productivity: Green Building Advisor

The US's first certified passive house retrofit: Green Building Advisor (more here

San Francisco unveils striking-solar powered stadium: Inhabitat

Report questions whether rainwater and greywater harvesting are really green: Energy Saving Trust

Should building regulations be less impenetrable and more consumer-friendly? Energy saving Trust

Paris to heat buildings using metro: Guardian

Profile of Britain's first recycled theatre: Guardian

The architect Mark Stephens begins a series of guest blog posts on going off grid

Welcome to this first in a series of guest blog posts that came about following the many enquiries and questions I receive as part of my everyday work and through the Ask the Architect service. This particular question came from Sylas Harper with the basic premise being that people haven’t got much money at the moment but they still need somewhere to live, and that throughout the country there are derelict houses that could be turned into homes. What I’m talking about here is living off-grid — a home that is not connected to mains electricity, water, gas or sewage. A home that is self-sufficient, sustainable and lowers the demands placed upon the planet. Once the enclave of the hippy or the hermit; the concepts behind living off-grid are now completely mainstream; solar panels and wind turbines are now commonplace and it is essential that we look for ways to lower our carbon dioxide emissions and to live a more sustainable life. As a theoretical experiment it may not be possible to adopt all of the points I’ll raise, but some of the aspects could be adopted by anyone seeking a more ecologically aware existence.

Now the initial question was posed thinking of the traditional Irish cottage wrecks dotted throughout the country, but with the recent news on the ghost estates throughout Ireland I came to the opinion that these ghost estates are the modern day equivalent of the derelict homes left to rot and be visible for generations to come. Surely there’s some way of getting ghost estates back into the hands of the ones that should be owning them - ie the people - especially now that all these homes are now effectively owned by the Irish tax payer via Nama. The Irish cottage concept is equally valid, and the points raised in these guest blog posts will equally apply to all types of housing.

Maybe it’s too big a jump to ask to get these ghost estates occupied and in-use? The argument could be made that living off-grid is possible for a sole dwelling but for an entire community of people? Well, Nick Rosen in his excellent book How to Live Off-Grid (ISBN:978-0-553-81819-2) discusses thoroughly the arguments and concepts for off-grid living and through his off-grid journey meets individuals and entire communities living beyond the constraint of national services. I cannot recommend this book highly enough —  if you’re interested in off-grid living in any way, buy it now!

So what are we talking about here? We basically have four facets to living off-grid:

1. WHERE

We need somewhere to do it; that is an enclosure that gives us protection and shelter from the elements; a defendable space that we can call our own - a private space to retreat to and a public space to interact with others.

This will be the argument behind the first main blog post — I’ll be looking at what you will need to look for to provide your ideal off-grid dwelling. This blog post will also incorporate passive house concepts; a dwelling adhering to passive house concepts (airtightness, high levels of insulation etc) will obviously require less energy to heat than a more conventional house.

2. POWER

We will need to provide power to the houses without relying on the national grid. It’s too much to ask people to live in houses powered by candles, to go to bed as soon as it gets dark or wander around your house with LED lamps strapped to the head. The dwellings will need to be powered in a reliable yet sustainable way.

Therefore, the concept of this second blog post will be investigating methods of providing enough energy to adequately provide light and heat to the house and providing hot water for baths and showers.

3. WATER & FOOD

Each dwelling will also require a potable water supply, and the third blog post will investigate what will be required to bring water to a site with no discernible, potable water supply. I will be looking at methods of extracting water from the ground (wells) and water harvesting/purification to provide water for drinking as well as the ‘grey’ water for flushing toilets etc. I’ll also be taking a little detour to see how any land associated with the dwelling (or even communal land) can be used to grow vegetables/fruit and again contribute to a more sustainable and self-sufficient life.

4. EFFLUENT

Each dwelling will need to safely dispose of its effluent; this will probably be the biggest problem (as evidenced by the current strict
standards regarding obtaining planning permissions involving a new septic tank). But equally this theoretically should be the easiest problem to solve as Ireland doesn’t have a national sewage infrastructure and the use of individual septic tanks and effluent treatment units is well established (ground conditions permitting). I’ll also be looking at composting toilets and reed bed systems.

The plan is to do one of these guest blog posts every week, so hold onto your hats for an interesting ride and a theoretical experiment in off-grid living with the first blog-post looking at where we are going to do it.

Comments welcome.

Mark Stephens RIBA MRIAI is a UK and Ireland trained chartered architect, based in Foxford, County Mayo, Ireland. He specialises in one-off, residential houses, extensions, restorations and refurbishments. His slant is a modernist approach using traditional forms and materials; his work also combines a contemporary architecture with an ecological and sustainable soundness.

Sorry for the slow stream of blog posts recently, I've been out of the office a lot. I spent yesterday looking at some innovative home systems for dealing with wastewater in Dundalk, and I'll try to blog about that soon. But for now, here's a bumper bunch of links.

Interesting profile of a small Welsh town designed in 1925 with some green principles in mind: Sustainable Cities Collective

Vapour profiles help predict whether a wall can dry: Green Building Advisor

The pyramid of energy efficiency — is this a useful tool for approach energy upgrades? Treehugger

How Britain's homes could make cost free emissions cuts: Guardian

Insightful interview with renowned green architect William McDonough on "cradle-to-cradle" design: Forbes

Improving the energy efficiency of buildings — IIEA conference in Dublin, Sept 3. IIEA

London's new "green" Strata tower named ugliest building in Britain: Treehugger

If the grid didn't exist, would there still be a need to invent it? Infrastructurist

Top 20 urban planning successes of all time: Public Servant Blog

Some vertical farms could actually get built says the SSC. George Monbiot, writing in the Guardian, thinks it's an absurd idea.

RIAI course on designing low energy retrofit in association with Joseph Little Architects: RIAI

Profile of a pay-as-you-save scheme in the UK: Guardian

The best green buildings of the last 30 years: Architect Magazine

Stunning eco apartments in Switzerland: Treehugger

Is it acceptable to allow some air infiltration through a building structure as a means of ventilation? Green Building Advisor

Renowned green architect Michelle Kaufmann blogs about a discussion with architect and passive house expert Walter Unterrainer: Michell Kaufmann Studio

China's incredible "car straddling" bus: Infrastructurist 

Architecture's ten biggest failures of the past 25 years: Infrastructurist

Can heat be stored in the sand beneath a house? Green Building Advisor

Interesting post on the challenges of selling a new passive house in a tough US property market: Green Building Advisor

Frank Gehry's Novartis building in Switzerland (at centre). Photo by Brad P .

Renowned architect Frank Gehry appears to know more about green building and architecture than he originally let on. Back in May, Gehry criticised the cost of green building as well as Leed, the US's environmental rating system for buildings. I covered his comments at the time and was quite critical writing: "Gehry has designed some of the most iconic buildings of our times, but I think his comments are reflective of a wider lack of understating among many architects when it comes to green building and architecture."

Thankfully, Gehry has now given an interview with US broadcaster PBS in which it becomes quite clear that he knows a lot more than his initial comments let on. He's actually quite insightful. Some highlights are below, but I'd highly recommend reading the full interview - Gehry goes on to speak about green materials, minimising construction waste and using stationary bicycles to provide energy in one of his projects, among various other topics.

Some choice quotes from Gehry: 

A lot of our clients don’t apply for the LEED certification because it’s complicated and in their view, they simply don’t need it.

There are other ways to encourage green building. For example, we did the Novartis building in Switzerland.

They don’t use the LEED program over there, the government just says this is what you can and can’t do, and things have to be built in a sustainable way. So really it’s a political thing: People taking responsibility on an individual level combined with government programs that give mandates that say “this is how we’re going to require people to build.” Our federal government is trying to take steps in that direction. I just met with someone from the Obama administration, they are trying to enact tougher standards, but they’re having some trouble.

...The Swiss government said the Novartis building couldn’t be air-conditioned. So we had to come up with another way to regulate the temperature. We built it entirely out of glass and cooled it with a geothermal system. The roof panels were made with photovoltaic glass that generates energy. And there is an opening at the top that lets hot air out — like a teepee. In the end, there’s no one way to do it, you have to be creative.

...Maybe you need the point system to energize this type of building, but I’m not sure it’s necessary.  The best way would be a political initiative that requires people to address these issues in order to get a building permit. Then the government can incentivize sustainable building through subsidies and various other things. But this is a global issue, so you need programs that not only we agree on but also that the Russians and the Chinese agree on.

...On certain projects, on big public projects, people definitely are interested in making them greener, but on smaller projects with tight budgets it can be harder. People don’t feel like they’re making enough of a dent for it to be worth it.

 

The new issue of CI hits the shelves this week. Here's a round up of some interesting stories that have broken while we've been away from the blog, working on the latest issue.

Irish green tech firm Solar Print to create 80 jobs: Irish Times

Major BBC investigation suggests the global asbestos industry is targeting developing nations: AFP

British homeowners to pay higher stamp duty for energy inefficient homes? Daily Mail (yes I know it's the Daily Mail - unfortunately they were the only news outlet I could find who weren't running this story behind a paywall)

Isover launches Irish energy efficiency awards: Silicon Republic

How SEAI's Accelerated Capital Allowances scheme has helped one Irish firm reduce the running costs of its data centre by 30%: Silicon Republic

European Commission publishes voluntary green public procurement for product categories including thermal insulation, CHP, street lighting and floor coverings: Envirocentre.ie

Bord Na Mona grows its renewable energy portfolio: Silicon Republic

Worldwide PV market to double in 2010: Wordofrenewables.com

Empire state building to get $20m green retrofit: Guardian

Is this the US's first passive house retrofit project? Jetson Green

Up to ten energy management interns are being recruited in Louth: SEAI

Brief profile of the new apartments at Arsenal FC's former ground Highbury, which have earned a BREEAM 'very good' rating: Building Design News